です、いる、ある
I know when I should use いる instead of ある, but they seem to mean the same thing as です. So I’m not sure when I should use です instead of them.
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です is a polite copula;
You can say あの方は先生。 That person is a teacher. Adding です - あの方は先生です。 just makes it a little more affirmative(and polite).
Incidentally です is actually a contraction of でございます which is the super polite form of である。 both are (most of the time) used in the contracted forms です and だ。
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