In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an -r, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals.1
The only syllable-final consonants in standard Mandarin are -n and -ng, and -r, which is attached as a grammatical suffix. Chinese syllables ending with any other consonant is either from a non-Mandarin language (southern Chinese languages such as Cantonese, or minority languages of China), or it indicates the use of a non-pinyin Romanization system (where final consonants may be used to indicate tones).
| Final |
Medial |
| Nucleus |
Coda |
Ø |
i |
u |
y |
| a |
Ø |
[ɑ]
a
-a |
[i̯a]
ya
-ia |
[u̯a]
wa
-ua |
|
| i |
[aɪ̯]
ai
-ai |
|
[u̯aɪ̯]
wai
-uai |
|
| u |
[ɑʊ̯]
ao
-ao |
[i̯ɑʊ̯]
yao
-iao |
|
|
| n |
[an]
an
-an |
[i̯ɛn]
yan
-ian |
[u̯an]
wan
-uan |
[y̯ɛn]
yuan
-üan 2 |
| ŋ |
[ɑŋ]
ang
-ang |
[i̯ɑŋ]
yang
-iang |
[u̯ɑŋ]
wang
-uang |
|
| ə |
Ø |
[ɤ]
e
-e |
[i̯ɛ]
ye
-ie |
[u̯ɔ]
wo
-uo/-o 3 |
[y̯œ]
yue
-üe 2 |
| i |
[eɪ̯]
ei
-ei |
|
[u̯eɪ̯]
wei
-ui |
|
| u |
[oʊ̯]
ou
-ou |
[i̯oʊ̯]
you
-iu |
|
|
| n |
[ən]
en
-en |
[in]
yin
-in |
[u̯ən]
wen
-un |
[yn]
yun
-ün 2 |
| ŋ |
[əŋ]
eng
-eng |
[iŋ]
ying
-ing |
[u̯əŋ], [ʊŋ] 4
weng
-ong |
[i̯ʊŋ]
yong
-iong |
| Ø |
[ɨ]
-i |
[i]
yi
-i |
[u]
wu
-u |
[y]
yu
-ü 2 |
1 [ɑɻ] (而, 二, etc.) is written er. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see Standard Mandarin.
2 "ü" is written as "u" after j, q, x, or y.
3 "uo" is written as "o" after b, p, m, or f.
4 It is pronounced [ʊŋ] when it follows an initial, and pinyin reflects this difference.
Technically, i, u, ü without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ê [ɛ] (欸, 誒) and syllabic nasals m (呒, 呣), n (嗯, 唔), ng (嗯) are used as interjections.
From : wikipedia
