In the United States these words are basically synonymous.

You can usually use them interchangeably. A target can sometimes just be a "goal" that is more specifically described. 

<em>What</em> is the difference between "target" and "goal"?

The difference is that the word "target" describes a physical object like this: http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/dcr/edb/dcredb5qi.jpeg

While the word "goal" describes a desire or a challenge someone sets themself. Like, "I want to run a marathon in under 3 hours."

Sorry ... 'usually' numerical

A target is usual numerical in some way. In business, a target might be a profit of xx dollars, the number of products sold, or the number of new client accounts opened. Personally, a target could be aiming to lose 10 kg before the end of the year.

A goal can be much more abstract - it can be anything at all that you are aiming to achieve.