Educating Children
According to the lecture, there are three common types of discipline that parents and care-givers / carers takers use for children.
First, power: this method utilizes physical punishments such as spankings or threats of physical harm, as well as the withdrawal of privileges, for instance, using the car; attending events; playing with a favorite toy etc. Second, the withholding of affection: this technique can be illustrated by a father who rejects his children. Finally, setting up many rules: if children follow the rules, then parents encourage them with euphoric approbations / praise that could give rise to high-esteem? (increase their self-esteem?)
All these kinds of discipline could trigger bad feelings, reduced self-esteem, insecurity, fear and growing hatred of parents.
On the other hand, the professor advocates the technique of behavior reinforcement. In other words, it's possible to discipline children without any punishment. He says that discipline means education, while punishment means harm. Most of psychologists are in agreement with the lecture in that they do not recommend physical punishments for children because the consequences are (can be) huge / far-reaching.
TOEFL iBT <em>Good stuff! Hope you get a good result. Kind regards, Michael</em>