French Grammar Verbs Past participle


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Usage of the Past Participle



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Formation of the Past Participle



  • For a regular -er verb, the past participle is determined by replacing the -er with é.
  • For a regular -ir verb, the past participle is determined by removing the final r.
  • For a regular -re verb, the past participle is determined by replacing the -re with u.
  • Irregular verbs have irregular past participles, as shown by the table.
  • For verbs with the auxiliary verb être, the past participle must agree with the subject. For verbs with the auxiliary avoir, the participle never agree with the subject, but with a possible direct complement, if it is written before the verb. For example, in the sentence il les a eus, the participle eus agree with the direct complement les, because it's written before the verb, but in the sentence il a eu les facture, the participle eu does not agree with les factures.

The table below shows additions to the normal past participle that must be made based on the gender and number of the subject.

Irregular Past Participles

atteindre  atteint 
avoir  eu 
boire  bu 
conduire  conduit 
connaître  connu 
construire  construit 
courir  couru 
couvrir  couvert 
craindre  craint 
croire  cru 
devoir  dû 
dire  dit 
écrire  écrit 
être  été 
faire  fait 
falloir  fallu 
instruire  instruit 
joindre  joint 
lire  lu 
mettre  mis 
mourir  mort 
offrir  offert 
ouvrir  ouvert 
naître  né 
paraître  paru 
peindre  peint 
pleuvoir  plu 
pouvoir  pu 
prendre  pris 
produire  produit 
recevoir  reçu 
savoir  su 
souffrir  souffert 
suivre  suivi 
tenir  tenu 
venir  venu 
vivre  vécu 
voir  vu 
vouloir  voulu 

Past Participle Agreement


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