Latin

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Personal Pronouns in English

Pronouns are nouns which are used instead of another noun ('pro', in place of 'noun', noun.)

There are three catagories of pronouns which are divided up into persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.

• 1st person refers to the person speaking, I, we. • 2nd person refers to the person addressed, thou, ye (you and you all). • 3rd person is for everything else (he, she, it, they (insert any noun here).

In addition, pronouns can be singular or plural. They are declined like all other nouns.

• I is 1st person singular (only me), we is 1st person plural (me and others). • Thou/you is 2nd person singular (only thee), ye/ you all is 2nd person plural (you and others). • He, she, it is 3rd person singular (he/she/it is one), (they are many).

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Personal Pronouns in Latin

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1st/2nd Person Pronouns

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Table of Personal Pronouns in all of their cases: I, thou, we, ye

Note: Thou is the archaic singular of the archaic plural ye - useful for distinguishing you (singular) from you (plural)

Singular				Plural
Case	1st Person		2nd Person		1st Person		2nd Person
Nominative	ego	I	tū	you	nōs	we	vōs	you
Genitive	meī	of me	tuī	of you	nostrī(nostrum)	of us	vestrī (vestrum)	of you
Dative	mihi	to me	tibi	to you	nōbīs	to us	vōbīs	to you
Accusative	mē	me	tē	you	nōs	us	vōs	you
Ablative	mē	from me	tē	from you	nōbīs	from us	vōbīs	from you

Nota Bene: the genitive is used in certain phrases like:

1. memor nostrī, mindful of us
2. paucī vestrum, a few of you.

For the possessive uses (my sister, your bicycle), Latin does not use the genitive, but the possessive adjectives: meus, mea, meum = my;

tuus, tua, tuum = thy;

suus, sua, sum = his/hers/its/their;

noster, nostra, nostrum = our;

vester, vestra, vestrum = your

Example: Pater noster = Our Father

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3rd Person Pronouns

Technically 3rd person pronouns do not exist in Latin as they do in English. However they do have equivalents.

Adjectives modify nouns and take the gender of the noun in which it modifies. However adjectives do not necessarily need a substantive present in the sentence to modify. The substantive can be presumed. In this way, '3rd person' pronouns are formed.

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Example 1

Take the masculine form of the adjective 'ille'. Literally it means 'That (masculine) thing.' However one could take it for simply meaning 'he', depending on the context. Similarly, the pronoun 'iste' means 'this (masc.) thing'. Iste and ille are declined in exactly the same way.

If no substantive is provided assume words like these: 'man', 'woman', 'thing', 'idea', 'concept', 'reason' etc. Let context be your guide.

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Common Adjectives Used as 3rd Person Pronouns In Latin

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Declension of Ille (that)

Declension of ille (that): Singular

	Latin			English
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ille	illa	illud	he	she	it
Genitive	illīus	illīus	illīus	his	her, hers	its
Dative	illī	illī	illī	to him	to her	to it
Accusative	illum	illam	illud	him	her	it
Ablative	illō	illā	illō	by, with, from him	her	it

Declension of ille (that): Plural

	Latin			English
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	illī	illae	illa	they, those
Genitive	illōrum	illārum	illōrum	their, theirs, of those
Dative	illīs	illīs	illīs	to them, to those
Accusative	illōs	illās	illa	them, those
Ablative	illīs	illis	illīs	by, with, from them, those

Ille is often used as a kind of pronoun.

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Examples of the Usage of Ille:

1. ille est dominus - he is the master (ille as pronoun) 2. ille dominus est malus - that master is bad (ille as adjective) 3. illam videt - he sees her (or 'she sees her' - illam as pronoun) 4. illam puellam videt - he (or she) sees that girl (illam as adjective).

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Declension of Is, ea, id: (personal pronouns w/ translations)

M: F: N: Nominative is ea id he she it Genitive eius eius eius his her, hers its Dative eī eī eī to him to her to it Accusative eum eam id him her it Ablative eō eā eō by, with, from him, her, it. Nominative ei eae ea they, those Genitive eōrum eārum eōrum their, theirs, of those Dative eīs,iīs eīs,iīs eīs,iīs to them, to those Accusative eos eās ea them, those Ablative eīs,iīs eīs,iīs eīs,iīs by, with, from them, those Like ille, is can be used as a form of a pronoun.

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Examples of the Usage of Is

1. is est dominus - he is the master (is as pronoun) 2. is dominus est malus - that master is bad (is as adjective) 3. eam videt - he sees her (or 'she sees her' - eam as pronoun) 4. eam puellam videt - he (or she) sees that girl (eam as adjective).

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Declension of the Relative pronoun qui, quae, quod: (meaning who, which, he)

M: F: N: Nominative quī quae quod who who which Genitive cuīus cuīus cuīus whose Dative cuī cuī cuī to whom to whom to which Accusative quem quam quod whom whom which Ablative quō quā quō by, with, from whom, which. Nominative qui quae quae who who which Genitive quorum quarum quorum whose Dative quibus quibus quibus to whom, to which Accusative quos quas quos whom whom which Ablative quibus quibus quibus by, with, from whom, which

Notice that the same forms are used to ask a question, with the following exceptions:

M: F: N: Nominative quis quis quid who which what Accusative quem quam quid whom which what

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Uses of the Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun takes on the case depending on the function it serves in the relative clause. For example, in the sentence "He sees the man who has a slave," "who" is translated as nominative because it is the subject of the clause "who has a slave." The antecedent (noun to which the pronoun refers) is usually before the relative clause.

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Examples of the Usage of the Relative Pronoun

1. Virum videt (he/she sees) qui servum (servant) habet (he/she has).
2. : He sees the man who has a slave
3. Ille est vir cujus servus est malus.
4. : That's the man whose slave is bad.
5. Quis eum videt?
6. : Who sees him?

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Declension of hic, haec, hoc (meaning this)

Singular M: F: N: Nominative hic haec hoc this Genitive huius huius huius Dative huic huic huic Accusative hunc hanc hoc Ablative hōc hāc hōc Plural Nominative hī hae haec these Genitive hōrum hārum hōrum Dative hīs hīs hīs Accusative hōs hās haec Ablative hīs hīs hīs

N.B. Hic as an adverb means 'here'. N.B. Hic can also be used as a pronoun.

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Example of the Usage of Hic

hic servus, non ille, est malus: This slave, not that one, is bad.

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Exercises

Give a suitable LATIN translation for the following:

1. To him
2. To her
3. For her
4. For him
5. To it
6. I
7. You
8. Ye
9. of You
10. of him
11. We
12. Thou
13. of thee
14. in him
15. in her

Give a suitable ENGLISH translation for the following:

1. meus
2. meī
3. ille
4. illud
5. huic
6. hī
7. hoc
8. nōs
9. nostrī
10. vōs
11. vestrum

For learning Latin Category Uncategorized Level Unspecified Second language English Created Aug 01, 2008 15:15 Views 2006 Share:

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