Latin= Participles =
A particle is a Greek idea denoting contrast and minutia.
Participles are verbs which function grammatically like adjectives. English, aided by auxiliary participles, is able have participle phrases in many tenses. Latin has participles that do not have auxilary supplementary participles. This limits the usage of the participle in Latin, according to some wiki-scholars of Classical Studies.
| Example 1 |
| English | (the) walking | man |
| Latin | ambulans | vir |
| | Present Participle | Substantive |
Edit Present Active Participles
Present participles are formed by adding -ns to the stem of the verb.
| Forming the Present Imperfect Participle |
| 1st Conjugation | Infinitive: amare
Stem: ama
Present Imperfect Participle: amans |
| 2nd Conjugation | Infitive: monere
Stem: mone
Present Imperfect Participle: monens |
| 3rd Conjugation | Infinitive: regere
Stem: rege
Present Imperfect Participle: regens |
| 4th Conjugation | Infinitive: audire
Stem:audi
Present Imperfect Participle:audiens |
Present Participles are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. In cases besides the nominative, the -s becomes -t.
Examples:
1. ferens, ferentis
2. capiens, capientis
3. ens, entis
Edit Exercises
Form the Present Participle and translate of the following Latin verbs:
1. meto, messui, messus, ere
2. metuo, metus, ui, ere
3. milito, avi, atum, are
4. postulo, avi, atus, are
5. sulco, avi, sulcus, are
6. iacio, ieci, iactus, ere
Edit Uses
The examples will show participles of the verb
ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatus (to walk).
present active: base + 'ns.' This forms a two-termination 3rd declension adjective. In the case of
ambulare, the participle is
ambulans, ambulantis (walking).
future active: fourth principle part, minus 's,' add 'rus.' This forms a 1st-2nd declension adjective:
ambulaturus (about to walk).
perfect passive: fourth principle part:
ambulatus (Since
ambulare is intransitive, technically it doesn't make sense to have passive forms, but it would normally be translated as "having been walked.")
In deponent verbs, the perfect active participle is formed in the same way as the perfect passive is in regular verbs.
Remember that participles are adjectives, and therefore must be declined to agree with the noun which they modify in case, number and gender.
Gerunds will come soon.
Edit Past Participles
Edit Gerund / Gerundive
('nd-Form')
English : I am good at
speaking English
Latin: Fur
rapiendi peritus erat. (The thief was experienced in stealing)
Functions of the Gerund
The gerund can be declined in the a / o - Singular Declination
-can be extendended-
Meanings of the gerund
Genitive: ars legendi - The art of reading / to read
Accusative: (final meaning- question: what for?)
ad puniendum - to punish, for punishing
Ablative: (modal-how?// instrumental-by what?// temporally-when?)
saepe canendo - through frequently singing // thus, (he) sang frequently
in legendo- while reading // when reading
special form : 'causa'
puniendi causa - (in order to) to punish
For learning
Latin | Category
Uncategorized | Level
Unspecified |
Second language
English | Created
Aug 01, 2008 17:23 | Views
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