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겠 I hear this a lot
How many different forms of this root and what do they mean. I hope this is understandable.
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It takes on a variety of meanings depending on the context, so it is hard to attach any kind of dictionary definition to it, but in general -겠- signifies intent, assumption, or future actions. There aren't multiple forms of -겠-, it is simply a suffix you attach to verb stems to alter the meaning.
There are also some fixed expressions, such as 알겠어요/앓겠습니다 (I understand) and 모르겠어요/모르겠습니다. (I don't know) that use 겠. If you consider that 겠 signifies assumption, then you can see how 알겠어요 basically means "I think I get it."
The PDF Jon linked in his comments to you is a good introduction to some uses of 겠.
There are also some fixed expressions, such as 알겠어요/앓겠습니다 (I understand) and 모르겠어요/모르겠습니다. (I don't know) that use 겠. If you consider that 겠 signifies assumption, then you can see how 알겠어요 basically means "I think I get it."
The PDF Jon linked in his comments to you is a good introduction to some uses of 겠.
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