了 = completion. It marks the completion of the predicate. If you look at 1 and 4, you will see they are completed predicates. the others have 要 or 在, meaning "going to" or "being", neither of which express completion, but continuity. Some people will tell you that 了 marks the past tense. In your example sentences they certainly do refer to the past. However, 了 marks completion. That is the correct way to understand 了.

了 only used in past tense and perfect tense, such as: 你吃早饭了吗？ Have you had your breakfast? 我吃过了 I have had my breakfast. 做好了、可以了 It's done 去过了 I've been there 行了，别说了 Alright(Fine), stop talking, be quiet 够了 Enough! 得了吧 come on, stop it. 算了吧 Forget it. 我去不了liao3了le1 I can't make it, I can't go (there). 他成功了 He made it. 他知道了 He knew it. 他不行了 He is dying 我受不了liao3了le1 I can't put up with it. 他吐了 He has been sick/puked 特殊用法：不了liao3了liao3之 actually it's another meaning of 了le1, and it sounds differently. It means something end up with nothing, no outcome

"了"= haber hecho algo . en la primera y la cuarta se dice "昨天" ，que significa "ayer". en otras frases se dice "ahora" o "mañana", entonces no hace falta “了”

3个助词：着、了、过 表示不同状态

"了“ done