For me, what makes a word "stick" is my NEEDING that word MYSELF in conversation.
I was trying to tell someone about the blizzard, and wanted to say that our new snowblower worked well. I NEEDED the Spanish words "nevasca" (blizzard) and "quitanieves" (snow-removal machine). I don't think I'll forget them.
I was trying to tell someone about the fox kit (baby fox) I saw this summer. I NEEDED the words "zorro" (fox) and "cachorro" (cub). I don't think I'll forget them.
Native English-speaking children pick up a huge vocabulary just by talking to people, long before they start reading.
Adult English speakers who have a large vocabulary usually learn it by being avid readers, often starting around age 9 or 10.
I don't think systematic memorization of word lists is helpful, but of course if you have an exam coming you do what you need to do.