Hello Launchpad!
You are right in the basic use of the verb Hacer, maybe a little more explanation about the verb would help you out. In regards to WEATHER, the weather is MADE as a consequence of the land/location, but the land/location is always implied. In a sense we are saying something like:
My land is making warm weather - Mi tierra está haciendo calor.
It is making warm weather - Está haciendo calor ([Mi tierra])
If you include in all the examples in your first link the implied subject of "My city" or "My land" they make sense:
- En verano, [mi tierra] hace mucho calor
- [Mi tierra] hace mucho frío hoy.
This also leads to some unusual constructs that make sense in spanish, eg.
¿Qué clima hace en tu tierra? - What weather does your land make?
In regards to TIME, it is usually used to described time PASSED. This means that the amount of time indicated HAS BEEN made. Past time has been made and future time is yet to be made. We can start for example with the very direct translation of:
How much time does the bus make to reach Acapulco? - ¿Cuánto tiempo hace el autobus en llegar a Acapulco?
The direct answer to this question would be:
It makes 2 hours - Hace dos horas.
The hace time expressions follow the same structure without the question.
Hace doce años que soy maestra de español - "Two years have been made since I became a spanish teacher"
Hace un año que ella vive en esta ciudad. Again, one year has been made already.
Hope this helps