“你知道些什么？”英文怎么说？
Does the question have a cynical/scolding tone?

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YES.
You can even translate it as "You idiot know nothing! "

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My English is not very good... Different tone, exist in the first Chinese sentences mean different situation. "What" read on behalf of:
1. According to ask someone, something, or something of themselves or properties. For example: have you got any news from there?
2. Ask something or something. For example: tell me what are you looking for?
3. Said no. For example: what is he? You miss him!
4. The blame. For example: what are you laughing at?
(only three usages of cited a total of 10)
What does the sentence according to said tone weight can tell:
1. 什么 tone is light, said:' what things do you know(about sth.)?"
2. 什么 tone heavier, said:"what things that you know!"
Hope useful to you, I'm just a junior school students.

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Sort  of. 
Translation: You know nothing about it! / You don't even understand!

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“你  知道  些  什么？” = What do you know?