凡是作战以前在决策上就预计能取胜的，是因为有利条件多；作战以前在决策上就预计不能取胜的，是因为有利条件少，有利条件多的就能取胜，有利条件少的就不能取胜。何况不具备有利条件呢？我们根据这些来分析战争双方，那么胜负结果就可预见了。

《孙子兵法Sūnzǐ Bīngfǎ》The Art of War

《孙子兵法》04

* Today's phrase is "قول بده " which means " Promise to ...
** Listen to audio file for correct pronunciations and examples to learn how to use it in your conversation
***Feel free to text me if you have any questions

اصطلاحات و عبارات رایج فارسی / Persian common expressions & phrases 

قول بده

Do you find it harder to be nice and cooperative when you're tired? You're not alone — and there's actually science behind that feeling.

Researchers in Italy looked at how being tired affected people's brains and the decisions they made.

They looked at a total of almost 450 people. The participants all started by doing a set of similar tasks for about 45 minutes — but for one group, the tasks were made much more difficult to make the participants mentally tired.

For example, the mentally tired group was given more difficult quiz questions to answer. And while everyone watched funny videos, the mentally tired group was told to try not to smile or laugh.

Participants then played several economic games that asked them to make decisions that would give different benefits to themselves and others, like deciding how to share points in a group.

It was found that mentally tired participants were much less likely to make cooperative decisions in the games. They were also more likely to choose "antisocial" and "spiteful" options — where they could, say, choose to use some of their own points to reduce someone else's points instead of using them to help themselves or the group.

Why did this happen?

Among the mentally tired group, the researchers found a much stronger increase in "slow-wave" activity in parts of the brain used for things like planning, paying attention, controlling emotions and understanding others. These "slow waves" are similar to the ones seen in our brains when we sleep.

The researchers said this increase in slow waves may explain tired participants' less cooperative decisions.

So when you're tired after a long day, you may be less nice because the parts of your brain you need to help you cooperate are actually going to sleep!

Practice Listening, Reading & Comprehension

Science of Spite: Why We're Meaner when We're Tired

课文四：  《四季》

草芽尖尖，
他对小鸟说：
“我是春天。”

荷叶圆圆，
他对青蛙说：
“我是夏天。”

谷穗弯弯，
他鞠着躬说：
“我是秋天。”

雪人大肚子一挺，
他顽皮地说：
“我就是冬天。”
【生词new words】 
尖  jiān  point;tip;top  说  shuō   to speak  青蛙 qīngwā frog    弯 wān curve ;bend  
春 chūn  spring   夏xià  summer    秋qiū  autumn  冬dōng winter


Iris读课本—— Original Chinese Textbook Reading（first to third grade）

课文四：四季   text 4 ：the four seasons

 Yo ___ ___ voy a dar.
 Nosotros ___ ___compramos.
 Ustedes ___ ___ prestaron.
 Tú ___ ___ mandaste.
 Ustedes ___ ___ regalaron

Mucho que decir

Reflexive and direct pronouns

Spanish México

LA ANTIGUA TENOCHTITLÁN 1

Esta semana les voy a platicar del paseo de Montejo, una de las principales avenidas de Mérida, Yucatán mientras usamos los interrogativos ¿Qué? ¿Cómo? ¿Cuándo? ¿Dónde? ¿Por qué? ¿Quién? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles?, ¿Cuánto?, ¿Cuántas? Y ¿Para quién?
Palabras clave:
Provincia: Ciudad o poblado que no es la capital del país.
Pasar el rato: Disfrutar un tiempo entre amigos o familia.
Bordeada: Rodear
Calesa: Coche de dos ruedas, tirado por una caballería, con la caja abierta por delante y capota en la parte de atrás.
Yucateco: Persona que nació en Yucatán o tiene muchos años viviendo en Yucatán.
Turibus: autobús que te lleva a recorrer los principales lugares turísticos.
Helados Colon:  Lugar donde venden helados, es muy antiguo y famoso, todos los yucatecos lo han visitado alguna vez.



Yuca-talk

Paseo de Montejo y los interrogativos

De compras en la tienda 👕👗

Lucía: ¡Mira esta tienda, Juan! Tienen ropa con descuento.

Juan: ¡Genial! Justo necesito una camisa nueva para la cena del sábado.

Lucía: Yo también quiero ver vestidos. Vamos a probar algunas cosas.

Juan: ¿Qué te parece esta camisa azul? ¿Me la pruebo?

Lucía: Sí, se ve bien. Pero también prueba esta negra, te quedaría genial.

Juan: Buena idea. Voy al probador. ¿Tú encontraste algo?

Lucía: Sí, este vestido rojo me gusta mucho. Voy a probármelo también.

Juan: (Saliendo del probador) ¿Qué te parece? ¿Me queda bien?

Lucía: La azul te queda bien, pero la negra te hace ver más elegante.

Juan: Sí, creo que me llevaré la negra. ¿Y tú? ¿Cómo te queda el vestido?

Lucía: (Saliendo del probador) No sé… ¿No es muy ajustado?

Juan: Un poco, pero te queda increíble. Además, el color te favorece.

Lucía: ¡Gracias! Creo que lo compraré. Vamos a la caja.

Juan: Sí, y después podemos tomar un café. ¡Hoy fue un buen día de compras!

Learn Spanish Conversation

Learn Spanish conversation part 36

Passengers flying on some routes could have to spend almost $80 more to help European airlines pay for sustainable fuels.

According to European Union (EU) rules, airlines will have to use more sustainable fuel starting in January. Two percent of the fuel they use will have to be sustainable in 2025, but that will increase to 6% in 2030 and 70% in 2050.

This is part of the EU's plan to reduce carbon emissions, with the airline industry said to produce 2% of the world's carbon emissions.

However, sustainable fuels are much more expensive than normal jet fuel, and German airline Lufthansa has announced that travelers will have to pay more for flights leaving on or after January 1, 2025.

Lufthansa said it spends billions every year on new technologies, and has been working to help make flying more sustainable. It added that it has also supported research into global weather and climate, but that it can't pay for sustainable fuels without help from customers.

Passengers will have to pay extra on any flight leaving from any EU country, as well as from Norway, Switzerland and the UK.

Any flights booked for 2025 from now on will include the extra cost, and customers flying on any Lufthansa-operated airline will have to pay. The Lufthansa group also operates Eurowings, Austrian Airlines, Swiss Air, Brussels Airlines and Lufthansa City Airlines.

People taking short-haul flights in economy class may only need to pay about $5 more, according to Reuters, while those flying long-haul in first class could pay almost $80.

Many other airlines have said they won't be increasing prices, but they want governments to do more to help them.