지나가다 means " pass (by), go by" and it is only used with a place or location. 거치다 means "pass (though);go though" and it can be used with not only place or location but also a process or stage. ex) 공은 내 머리 위로 지나갔다 The ball went[passed] over my head. 이 버스가 시청을 지나갑니까? Does this bus go[pass] by City Hall? 그 기차는 대전을 거친다 The train passes through Daejeon. 우리는 모스크바를 거쳐 파리로 갔다 We went to Paris via[by way of] Moscow. 완제품은 많은 사람들의 손을 거친다 The finished product goes through many hands. 본선에 진출하려면 예선을 거쳐야 한다 You need to pass the preliminary contest in order to advance to the final competition.