''Quickly'' is an adverb and ''fast'' can be an adverb, an adjective , a noun and a verb.
I run quickly. - an adverb
I run fast. - an adverb
I am a fast runner. - an adjective
''fast'' in a sense of not eating can be both a noun and a verb.
He will begin a fast next Friday.
He fasts for health reasons once a week.