CANDLES....from beeswax burn with a very clean flame. 4)made Why can't "1" be the right answer? - Because "Candles are made from beeswax" is a complete sentence with it's own predicate: "are made from beeswax", which you can't follow with another predicate: "burn with a very clean flame." The only predicate here should be "burn with a very clean flame" so you have to make the first part of the sentence a noun phrase: "candles made from beeswax." .....are considered humorous is mainly due to his characters' use of slang 1)Damon Runyan's stories 3)That Damon Runyan's stories Why not "1" is correct instead of "3"? - Both (1) and (3) are correct. In 1988 an earthquake struck northern Armenia,......over fifty thousand people. 1)killing Why not '2'? What was the reduced form? - When you tell what someone or something did, followed by the consequences or outcome, you use -ing: "Amir broke a school record, learning 1000 new words in one week." "I bought a painting for six hundred dollars" "A painting..... must be lovely 4)costing that much Why "2" is not correct and "4" is correct then? - (4) is correct, again, because "A painting costs that much" is a complete sentence. Here you need a noun phrase, so you use "costing" to describe the subject. You can say "a painting costing that much..." -or- "a painting that costs that much..." Lured by the Florida sun,...... 3)Canadians by the thousands descend on St.petersburg each year Why not '1' is correct? - (3) is correct because Canadians are lured by the sun. If you use (1), it sounds like St. Petersburg is lured by the sun. Hope this helps. Happy New Year!

More information here about participles and gerunds. https://english.ucalgary.ca/grammar/course/sentence/2_4d.htm [excerpts] Participial phrases Participial phrases consist of either a past or a present participle and any objects, and/or modifiers . Participial phrases always function as adjectives within a sentence. Example: That dog keenly hunting the ducks must be a thoroughbred. Gerund phrases Gerund phrases consist of a gerund and any objects and/or modifiers . A gerund phrase can look similar to a participial phrase because the gerund has the same form as the present participle. The main difference is that the gerund (phrase) functions as a noun (ie. subject, object, subject complement, appositive), and the participial phrase as an adjective. Example: I enjoy riding my bike in the evening.