Hi Georgiy, let me give you some example sentences =)
1. 找个合适的人。
Find someone suitable/compatible.
2a. 我们可以做一些适当的运动。
We can do some appropriate exercise.
2b. 我们要保持适当的距离。
We have to keep a proper distance.
3. 你在马来西亚生活适应得还好吗?
How do you adapt to living in Malaysia?
So basically,
合适 means suitable, compatible
适当 means appropriate, proper
Which you may find the meanings quite alike, but let's imagine, when you said "Find a suitable person" and "Find an appropriate person" ... now you see the difference right? =D
And lastly, 适应 means adapt (to)
Hope i helped! =)