'Material develpment not accompanied with well-developed civilization cannot proceed much farther.'
I find the sentence meaningful and grammatically correct. That's why there's no need to change it or add other words.
I think you haven't expressed it differently when you said 'cultural sophistication'. Instead, you used another expression that doesn't mean the same as 'well-developed civilization'.
A well-developed civilization should have all the conditions for success and development, not only in 'culture' but also economic, social and political development or prosperity. That's why I prefer to use 'well-developed civilization' to 'cultural sophistication'.
The sentence means 'Material development without well-developed civilization cannot proceed farther', that's why I said it's absolutely correct.
* 'Further' is usually preferred when talking about the degree or extent of something.
However, we can use both 'farther' and 'further' to talk about distance.