translation commentary Commentary For the first paragraph, the problem is that there’re several events put in one sentence under the structure “with… occurring…”, and I found the translation “出现” may not be suitable for all the events, such as “overseas discoveries and conquests” (海外探索征服), so I translated “occurring” into “出现” and “发生” to collocate with different events. In the second paragraph, different expressions “responded to” and “ reacted” are used to convey the same meaning. So in the translation, I converted one of them into the noun “反应” and translated another into the verb “应对”, and I also repeat the word “统治” in the second sentence for clearness. Another problem is that the expression “ethno-linguistically heterogeneous population” is somewhat complex, and I finally took the word “ethno-linguistically” apart and translated it into “来自不同族裔、操着不同语言的人群” In the third paragraph, I translated “come under the sway of” into “受支配”. In the next sentence, the words “embraced” and “accepted” are also used to express almost the same meaning, however, “embrace” carries a more positive and willing connotation than “accept”, so I translated them separately into “接纳” and “接受”. Difficulties also occurred in the following sentence. Firstly, it sounds unnatural to literally translate “the low acceptance rate of Christianity” and “a preference for consensus” into “对基督教的低接受率” and “对共识的偏爱”, so I converted the two nouns into verbs. Secondly, the sentence too long to translate according to its original order, so I adjusted the word order by putting the subject at the beginning of the sentence according to the Chinese word order, and translate the two coordinate noun expressions into two sentences by adding “还有”. And finally, the translation was “仅有的例外大概是普通老百姓不太能接受基督教（以及其对真理的排他性的主张），还有，精英们在政治进程中比起公开辩论，更倾向于寻求共识。”