After consonants, the vowel letter pairs а/я, э/е, о/ё, ы/и, and у/ю represent 
essentially the same vowel sound. Their only difference is that the letters in the bottom 
row tell you that the preceding consonant is palatalized, or soft.*

HARD CONSONANTS             SOFT CONSONANTS

Да-да! - Oh yes!                       дядя - uncle 
мэр - mayor                             мер - of measures 
быт - daily life                          бит - computer bit 
живот - belly                            живёт - he/she lives 
музыка - music                        мюзикл - musical (show)

* a palatalized consonant is pronounced with the blade of the tongue pressed up 
against the hard palate, it sounds like a consonant plus the [y] sound of “yes” pronounced at the exact same time.

Russian Pronunciation wilth Lubov

HARD / SOFT CONSONANTS PRACTICE. Живот Или Живёт? Listen and Repeat.

Referring to the Article of transportation， normally we will clear the method of transportation and who pay the freight.So how to say the method of transportation? 运输方式yùn shū fāng shì、快递kuài dì（Express）、空运kōng yùn（Air freight）、海运hǎi yùn（Seafight）铁路运输tiě lù yùn shū（Railway transportation）.So the article normally will be like that. 货物运输方式为空运，运费由乙方承担（the good should be deliveried by airfreight,and the freight is paid by supplier.

For more learning ,welcome to book <The contract terms in Chinese>

Basics of Commercial Contracts 商务合同基础

05 Basics of Commercial Contracts 商务合同基础

交货期限jiāo huò qī xiàn(Delivery Period), which refers to the latest time by which Party B must deliver the goods. It should specify the exact "year/month/day" -"某年某月某日mǒu nián mǒu yuè mǒu rì"or "XX working days"-"多少工作日duō shǎo gōng zuò rì" ，and avoid vague phrases like "as soon as possible."-“尽快” For example: "Party B must deliver the goods by December 31, 2025."-“乙方必须在2025年12月31日交货” or“Party B must deliver the goods within 5 working days upon receipt of payment."-“乙方必须在收到货款后5个工作日内交货Yǐfāng bìxū zài shōudào huòkuǎn hòu wǔ gè gōngzuòrì jiāohuò” .

For more learning ,welcome to book <The contract terms in Chinese>

04 Basics of Commercial Contracts 商务合同基础

大家好，这集讲合同质量条款（zhì liàng tiáo kuǎn)。说到质量条款，我们要把质量标准（zhì liàng biāo zhǔn）写清楚，质量标准有以下几种：国家质量标准（guó jiā zhì liàng  biāo zhǔn | national quality standard）、行业质量标准（háng yè zhì liàng  biāo zhǔn | industry quality standard）、企业质量标准（qǐ yè zhì liàng  biāo zhǔn | enterprise quality standard）、技术协议（ jì shù xié yì |technical agreements）、样品质量标准（yàng pǐn zhì liàng biāo zhǔn |  the quality standard of the sealed sample），其他约定标准（qí tā biāo zhǔn | other agreed quality standards）。
把质量标准写清楚，能避免质量问题纠纷，保障双方的合法权益。
For more learning ,welcome to book  <The contract terms in Chinese>.

03 Basics of Commercial Contracts 商务合同基础

大家好，这集讲合同里的价款（jià kuǎn)与支付条款（zhī fù tiáo kuǎn)，这是商务合同的核心条款之一。
Hello everyone. This episode is about the price and payment terms in a contract, one of the core clauses of a commercial contract.
价款就是交易的总金额，要写清具体数字和结算货币（jié suàn huò bì)，比如 “人民币 5 万元”。
 Price refers to the total transaction amount, and you must state the specific figure and settlement currency clearly, such as "50,000 RMB".
支付条款要明确三点：支付方式(zhī fù fāng shì)，比如转账（zhuǎn zhàng）、现金（xiàn jīn）；支付时间，比如交货前付 30%；支付账户(zhī fù zhàng hù)，要写清收款方（shōu kuǎn fāng）的银行信息（yín háng xìn xī）。
The payment terms need to specify three key points: the payment method, like bank transfer or cash; the payment time, such as paying 30% before delivery; and the payment account, with the payee’s complete bank information clearly written. 
这个条款写得明明白白，才能避免付款时出现金额、时间的纠纷（jiū fēn），保障双方的资金权益。
 A clearly defined price and payment clause can avoid disputes over the amount and timing of payment, and protect the financial rights and interests of both parties.

02 Basics of Commercial Contracts 商务合同基础

今天我们学商务合同的基础，还有5个重要汉语词。
 
第一个词，商务合同（shāng wù hé tóng，commercial contract），就是商务活动里，比如外贸合作，要先签商务合同。双方写清楚谁该做什么、谁可以要求做什么。
 
然后是甲方（jiǎ fāng ,buyer）和乙方（yǐ fāng,seller），合同里的两个主要公司，比如甲方买货物，乙方卖货物。
 
还有标的（biāo dì,Subject Matter），就是合同里大家约定的东西，比如1000台电脑。最后是权利（quán lì，Rights）和义务（yì wù，Obligations），权利是“可以要求做的事”，比如甲方可以查货物质量；义务是“必须做的事”，比如乙方必须按时送货。

Please book "Intermediate to Advanced Level/Listening&Talking" for more learning~
 

