Because in American and European countries we have summer vacations and then schools start. Because summer is hot and it is for fun and studying in summer takes a lot of energy. Think if the after school holidays was in spring or winter , well People freeze and do not go out for have fun anymore, and imagine schools in South America was in the summer,People die from the heat.

Should be to help out with faming work in summer, I think. Not so sure about Japan and South Korea, but it might be a more recent policy.

In spring, many people get bored because of pollen. People like to sleep more and concentration decreases.

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I had this discussion last year with a school principal. Because USA and UK are closer to the polar region and far from the equatorial ones, the weather in the summer is hotter, drops que blood pressure, and makes the students lazy, it's hard to study. In another hand, the weather in the winter is colder, snowy days are the worst, people get sick more often, people tend to stay warm at home. It leaves us with fall, cooler weather, and spring, nicer weather. The fall is perfect to start classes, not because of the weather but because many students are more relaxed after a summer break. Usually, the summer break lasts two months, from June to July, and can be used to catch up on classes, make a trip or just rest. There are also the Thanksgiving holiday, that can lasts for a whole week in the end of November, the Christmas or winter break, two weeks in the end of December, and of course the Spring break, one week in the start of March. For universities, the full semester (August to December) and spring semester (January to May) last 4 months each and the students can work or do an internship in the summer break and also have the opportunity to catch up on classes in the winter break. I am from Brazil. I live in the state of Paraná, and here the schoolar year is completely different. Because Brazil is in the southern part of the world and closer to the equatorial regions, the summer starts in December. So, there's a Christmas break of one week length followed by a school break (school is closed) that for last the whole month of January, and there is a summer break of one week in the beginning of February, when the classes actually starts. The last but not least, the winter break, that lasts for two weeks I. July.