No. "From" means that something would be originating at the teacher and proceeding outward. (It was exceptionally difficult to say that without using the word "from"! ;) ) "To" means starting somewhere else and finishing at the teacher. "Ask your question *to* a teacher" would be correct.

Hello Ashkan, Your second question is not correct. The correct structure is in the first question ie ask + sb + a question Hope this helps Bob