Class 23. Connecting ideas — sixteen small endings that turn one-idea sentences into real conversation. Up to now you have built single thoughts. I want tea. He came. It rained. That is honest beginner's work, but nobody talks like that. Real speech links: if they come I'll eat; when he arrives call me; even if you don't come, I'm going. THE MASTER RULE — LEARN THIS AND THE REST IS VOCABULARY English joins ideas with separate words in FRONT of a clause: if, when, because. Malayalam attaches a SUFFIX to the end of the first verb, and the second verb carries the tense for the whole sentence. അവർ വന്നാൽ ഞാൻ കഴിക്കും (avar vannaal njaan kazhikkum) — If they come, I will eat. Look at where the work happens. വന്നാൽ carries the "if". കഴിക്കും carries the future. The first verb has no tense of its own at all — it surrendered its tense to the end of the sentence and took a connector in exchange. FAMILY 1 — CONDITION • -ആൽ = if, on the PAST stem. വന്നാൽ, never വരുമാൽ. Never put a future stem inside a condition. • ഇല്ലേൽ (illel) = if not. The written form is ഇല്ലെങ്കിൽ, but conversation almost always squeezes it to illel. നീ പോയില്ലേൽ ഞാൻ വരില്ല. • -ആലും = EVEN if. മഴ പെയ്താലും ഞാൻ പോകും — even if it rains, I will go. Keep the pairs straight, because they are not interchangeable. ആൽ and ഇല്ലേൽ are real conditions — one waits to see. ആലും and ഇല്ലെങ്കിലും are concessions — the speaker has already decided. FAMILY 2 — TIME • -ഉമ്പോൾ = when / while. Take the future വരും, drop the -um, add -umbol: വരുമ്പോൾ. Never വരുമുമ്പോൾ. • -അപ്പോൾ on the past stem for a specific past moment: ടീച്ചർ വന്നപ്പോൾ ക്ലാസ് സൈലന്റ് ആയി. • "Before" is the one that catches everyone — it needs the verbal noun, not a plain stem. Plus the families for reason and result, contrast and exception, and purpose and source. Taught by Dr. Reshmi R Nair.