Also...let me try to shorten the phrases like below.
Again, they are not rude or offensive, and we can use them among close friends and family.
They actually sound more natural I think.
Good morning! - Ohayou gozaimasu. おはよう。
What time is it? - Nanji desu ka? 今何時?: just dropping ですか doesn't really work here for some reason. We need 今(いま/now).
I really like it! - Honto ni suki desu. ほんとに好き。
Oh! That's good! - Sorewa iidesu ne. それはいい
I Don't Understand! - Wakarimasen. わからない。
I understand. - Wakarimasu. わかる。
I Don't Know! - Shirimasen. 知らない。: it might sound a bit of blunt depending on how we say it though lol
I Have No Idea. - Nani mo omoitsukimasen. 何も思いつかない。
Sorry (for a mistake) -Gomenasai. ごめん。
No Problem! - Daijyoubu desu. 大丈夫。
One moment please! - Chotto matte kudasai. ちょっと待って。
What's new? - Saikin dou desuka? 最近どう?
Nothing much - Kawari nai desu. 変わりない。
How are you? - Ogenki desuka? 元気?
I'm fine, thanks! - Watashi wa genki desu. Arigato! 元気(we can also add だよ)。ありがとう。
Good/ So-So. - Genki desu. / maa-maa desu. 元気。/ まあまあ。
Good night! - Oyasumi nasai. おやすみ。
See you later! - Jaa mata ne! じゃあね!
Good bye! - Sayonara! さよなら!