Hi Michael, let's take a look at some examples. Let's choose the answers for questions 1 to 4

1. Get (away/far) from me. 

2. He is (away/far) on a holiday. 

3. Los Angeles is (far/away) from Boston. 

4. The (far/away) corners of the Earth. 

Most people will not have a problem choosing 

1. Get AWAY from me. 

In this case, "away" is an adverb indicating not only a movement, but also a movement further and further away from a location. "Far" doesn't fit the bill here as it doesn't have an element of movement. 

2. He is AWAY on a holiday. 

In this case, "away" takes on the role of an adjective. It means one is not present or is absent from a place. We cannot write: "He is far on a holiday."

3. Los Angeles is FAR from Boston. 

"Far" is an adjective to describe the vast separation between two cities. 

4. The FAR corners of the Earth. 

Far" is used again as an adjective to describe the isolated parts of Earth.

We can actually use both words in "far and away" to indicate superiority.

He is far and away the best chess player. 

It all depends on what meaning you would like to convey to the reader. 

Some word pairs can really cause confusion to learners of English. Other examples include: High/Tall    Passed/Past.

Hope this helps.

Cheers,

Lance 

From what I understand, away is when you don't know where, for example, he is away, he can be far or just next door, you don't know where he is, he is just not here.

Whereas far means a long distance. He is far, definitively a long distance from you.

You can combine both for "far away", which means he is a long distance but you don't know where to but definitively a long distance between you two.

Does it make sense ?