I'm starting to see now what each individual particle means from those examples and how they fit together. This will make learning Japanese a little bit easier knowing a bit more on when to use them. You were a great help! Thank you for taking the time to read and answer my questions. c:

Well, since you posted in English, I can help. I am not a native Japanese speaker. The words you mentioned are all called particles. You can find lots of resources online and even dictionaries of particles. The function similar to prepositions in English. If English used Japanese particles instead of English prepositions: Instead of saying "by train" we would say "train DE" Instead of saying "TO Cleveland" we would say "Cleveland NI" Instead of saying "eat a steak" we would say "steak O eat" Instead of saying "Rachelle's pencil" we would say "Rachelle NO pencil" Instead of saying "with Chris" we would say "Chris TO" Sentence structure is very important in Japanese and it is the particles that glue it all together.