In 배웠나요, -나 is a ending word usually attaches to Korean verb or suffix ‘-으시-’, ‘-었-’, ‘-겠-’, representing question. Did you learn Korean? (한국어 배웠나요?=한국어 배웠어요?) -었 indicates past by attaching to Korean verb. 배우다+-었+-나+-요 -> 배웠나요 배우다+-었+-어요 ->배웠어요 한국어 배우나요?=한국어 배워요?(Do you learn Korean?) 배우다+-나+-요 ->배우나요 -어요 is for explanation, question, order, suggestion. 배우다+-어요 ->배워요

배우나요? or 배웠나요? Difference here is that while 배우나요? is asking if you are learning at the moment, 배웠나요? is asking if you have already learned. ex) 혹시 중국어 배우나요? = Do you study Chinese by any chance? vs. 혹시 중국어 배웠나요? = Did you learn Chinese by any chance? 배워요? It could be used in place of 배우나요? but also 배우나요 and 배워요 could be used to ask for confirmation of learning it in near future. for example, '한국어 배워요?' is asking if you are learning korean, but in context of before deciding what to learn, ex) 한국어 배워요? 아니면 영어 배워요? = Learn Korean? or learn English? It could also mean, asking of confirmation to learn korean or not. ex) 선생님, 이제 음악배우나요? = teacher, are we going to learn music now? It kinda differs depends on context.. Hope it helped.. If you have more questions, comment please..