견디다, 버티다, 참다 can be translated into endure, tolerate, bear in English.
They can be used interchangeably in most sitatuions, but they can sound differently or strangely in some.
For example,
When you are about to get a shot in the hospital, the doctor will tell you like this
조금 아플거에요. 참으세요. (O)
조금 아플거에요, 버티세요 (Acceptable but sounds a little awkward.)
조금 아플거에요, 견디세요 (Acceptable but sounds a little awkward.)
In this context, we are asked to bear the pain of a shot just for seconds.
버티다, 견디다 are usually used for a little longer time. 참다 can be used for both a short time and a longer time.
Another exmaple,
Your father is talking to you after your business went under.
어려운 상황이지만 잘 참아야 한다. (O)
어려운 상황이지만 잘 버텨야 한다. (O)
어려운 상황이지만 잘 견뎌야 한다. (O)