"좌석이 남았나요" ( 남다: "remain", "remain available" ) One thing to note here is that it doesn't really mean the *past* but rather indicates a present *state*. In Korean the past tense form -(았/었)다 can also represent a state resulting from some action, like present perfect in English. So here it actually means "자리 남아 있나요" (Are there seats still available). If you use the present tense instead, like "자리가 남나요?", it means something different, like "Will you have seats remaining available (i.e, after things settle down with the new passengers all seated, not right now)". It is a peculiar case because of the semantics of 남다. Its past tense means current state and its present means the (near) future state, because 남다 ("something remains") cannot really be an ongoing action itself but only a result of some other action. For example you can't say 남는 중이다 ("something is being left"). Another similar verb is 있다. Although it is a verb, it inherently means a state and its form is much like the past form of a verb (-ㅆ다). One can almost say its present is its past. There can no present "action" in the sense used for most other verbs. These would the "static" verbs (상태동사) as is talked about in English grammar. This is analogous to the adjectives never taking the -는 form. because they only have the concept of state and no action. So the past tense can mean 1) the past action ("나는 달렸다"), or the state ("자리가 남았다"), or both equally("밥을 했다" - means both the past action of making the meal and the state of the meal being there now ready to eat). Most verbs fall in category #1 and #3 but some, like 남다 and 있다 are in #2.

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