Thank you for the detailed description of 助詞.
I would like to add a little that I know about the difference between は and が:
Using "は" is fairly easy. You place "は" after the subject of a sentence which simply states what the subect does or is:
わたしは学生です。 (I am a student.)
かれは音楽家です。(He is a musician.)
あなたは日本人ですね?(You are Japanese, aren't you?)
武君は花瓶を壊しました。 (Takeshi broke a vase.)
お父さんは新聞を読んでいます。 (Father is reading a newspaper.)
If you replace は with が in the above sentences, but it puts emphasis on the subject. Very often, it implies that there might be other choices for the subject.
わたしが学生です。- It is I who is a student.
彼が音楽家です。- It is he who is a musician.
あなたが日本人ですね? - It is you who is Japanese, isn't it?
武君が花瓶を壊しました。- It is Takeshi who broke the vase.
が is also used after a subject of a clause in a compound sentence:
武君は花瓶を壊しました。+ 見ました。= 武君が花瓶を壊したのを見ました。- I saw that Takeshi broke the vase.
が is also used after a subject of a descriptive sentence as a result of observation:
For an example, a teacher asked students to describe what they see in a picture. A student who saw an image of a father reading a newspaper would respond, お父さんが新聞を読んでいます。
For the most, we use を after an object. が or は after an object place an emphasis on the preceding word, and slightly change the implication of a sentence.
わたしは猫を飼っています。 - I have a cat as a pet.
あなたが好きな動物はどれですか? - What is the animal that you like?
わたしは猫が好きです。 - I like cats (of all the animals/compared to other animals).
あなたは猫が好きですか? - Do you like cats?
わたしは猫は嫌いです。 - I don't like cats (but I like other animals).
あなたは何を勉強していますか? - Wat are you studying?
わたしは数学を勉強しています。 - I'm studying math.
わたしは数学が苦手です。- I am not good at math.
わたしは数学は苦手です。 - I am not good at math (but I am OK with other sujbects).