Konuş-mak : To speak ( söyle-mek : to say ; anlat-mak : to tell)
Koştum. : i ran. you could use this in order to say that you ran , not walk, at the street etc. it has a common meaning, not special. Genel bir anlama sahip.
Koşu yaptım. : you should use it when you ran for your health. as a part of exercises. Spor yapmak için koşarsan bu şekilde kullanmalısın.
for example, if you were involved in a crime and immediately police came, in this case, you wouldn't say "polisten kaçmak için koşu yaptım." it is not a correct saying. you must say "polisten kaçmak için koştum." i ran to escape from police.