No, you would say "What do you do for a living?" or "What kind of work do you do?" If you say "May I have your job?", it sounds like you want to replace the person in his or her job.

You could say "May I ask you what is your profession?" but typically in English people are not so polite and would just directly ask "What is your profession?" (if you are asking them in order to fill out a form) or as BobR said, "What kind of work do you do?" (if you are having a conversation with someone).