Hi Ryan, I'm a native Japanese, but not a teacher.
Reading only the above conversation, I interpret the second sentence:
ごめん、昨日は夜 [遅くて = 遅い時刻まで何か (仕事/勉強/遊び/...) をしていたので or 寝た時刻が遅かったので] 、
今朝も [早かった = 早い時刻から何かをしていた or 起きた時刻が早かった] から
昼はずっと寝てた。
"夜遅い" means that a person is active in the late night (e.g. midnight), and
"朝早い" measn that a person is active in the early morning,
without saying what he/she actually does.
Because one has to get up before he/she does something,
we don't think we have to say "起きる" to express "朝早い".
Hope this helps.
Hideki