You are correct, both sentences are grammatically correct but have subtle differences in meaning:
1. "I don't see a future for this job.": Implies that the job itself (or the line of work) has no prospects or potential, regardless of the company.
2. "I don't see a future with this job.": Implies that you don't see a future for yourself if you continue in this specific job or with this company, but you might see potential if you switch companies.