Good basics to remember: 1) Your verb is always the second idea (not the second word) in the sentence. No matter if the subject or a time or something else stands first, the verb will be the second idea. 2) Some verbs are separable. Their prefix splits off and goes to the end. 3) When there are two verbs, the one that isn't finite will go to the end of the sentence. 4) When you have a connecting sentence starting with certain words (like "weil"), the verb will again go to the end. There are grammar rules for all this, which would help you make sense of the texts you are looking at a little bit. The other words you're describing are adverbs (i think), which means words that describe the verb - so putting them after the finite verb is a good place. Example: Ich esse immer nur Nudeln, weil ich ein Nudelexperte bin.

I think there is no general rule for that. Sometimes you can only put them in one position, sometimes there are more "valid" positions - but often the meaning is changed slightly, depending on where you put such words. For example: Ich wollte schon immer mal nach Amerika - Schon immer wollte ich mal nach Amerika (in the 2nd sentence, the "schon immer" is a bit "stronger") Vielleicht fahre ich nach Amerika - Ich fahre vielleicht nach Amerika (In the 1st sentence the "vielleicht" ist "stronger") Ich habe nur ein Auto (only 1 position possible for "nur" - some people would say "Ich habe ein Auto nur" but that is not correct) I think the best practice to get used to the correct word order is to simply read German texts.