If a waiter is taking your order and asks, "How do you like your steak?", he is really asking, "How do you prefer that your steak be cooked?" And you can answer in one of these ways: "Very rare." "Rare." "Medium rare." "Medium." "Medium well done" "Well done." But if you have already begun to eat your steak, and the waiter passes by your table, and asks the same question, it now means, "Are you enjoying your steak?" And some possible answers are: "It's very tasty." "It's delicious." "The meat is very tender." "It's a bit tough." "It's as tough as shoe leather." "It's been overcooked."
"How do you like steak?" means "do you enjoy eating steak?" Your suggested answer is perfect: "I like it a lot." I don't eat beef, so I would say, "I never eat steak."