lets first discuss what does "الأوائل" mean!
الأوائل= the first ones ,the ones who started some thing
For example;
رواد الفضاء الروس كانوا الأوائل في الوصول إلى الفضاء=the Russian astronauts were the first ones who reached the space.
علوم=science
SO,
علوم الأوائل= the science which was discovered by the first ones "scholars"
ex: The theories of"Pythagoras , Archimedes ,Socrates,Plato, .Thales...."
SO
علوم الأوائل=the science and theories which was discovered by the ancient people .