1) Do you have a ball ? This is correct and common, and you can use it in any situation. 2) Have you got a ball ? This is correct and common, and you can use it in informal and neutral situations. You probably wouldn't use it in very formal contexts, though. 3) Have you a ball? This is grammatically correct, but it is very old-fashioned and unnatural-sounding. You might hear it in a historical drama set a few hundred years ago, but otherwise you wouldn't normally hear anyone say this nowadays.

Yes, but (3) is rare and rather old-fashioned. I remember my grandfather using that construction, but I wouldn't use it myself.

The first one and the second one are correct and equivalent but the last one is not correct.