"Estuve" uses the preterite, while "estaba" is an example of the imperfect.
You use the preterite (estuve) when you talk about something that happened once or that happened more than once but had a specific end, whereas you use the imperfect (estaba) for habitual or repeated actions.
I was playing football when he came - Yo estaba jugando a fútbol cuando él vino. (I play football usually)
Yesterday I was playing football - Ayer yo estuve jugando a fútbol (It is no a habitual thing)
The same thing happens with "Era" and "Fue".
"Era" is imperfect , "fue" is perfect
You use the preterite (fue) when you talk about something that happened once or that happened more than once but had a specific end, whereas you use the imperfect (era) for habitual or repeated actions.
The car was red, but we painted it black - El coche era rojo pero lo pintamos negro
He was my teacher during the secondary school - El fue mi profesor durante la educación secundaria
Espero haberte ayudado!