You can make it much simpler by removing "be submitted" (this phrase is formal). "I don't want to see any more posts claming that Covid-19 is a punishment from God." - this is your clearest and most natural option. "I don't want any more posts claiming that Covid-19 is a punishment from God." - this is OK, but it tells me that people send you these posts directly.

Can I write number 3 like this? "I don't want any more posts which were submitted claiming that Covid-19 is a punishnent from God". Would it be correct?

What would be the correct form of number 3? Could you please explain?

Depends what you want to say. (2) is correct and implies that the posts are still currently being submitted but you want them to stop. (1) probably should say, "I don't want any more posts to be submitted ... " which implies that you have called a halt on such posts (i.e. none are currently being submitted) and you won't be looking at/dealing with any more in the future. (3) doesn't really make sense - a native speaker would understand it, but it's not correct English. Does that help?