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The Malayalam Noun, Completely — The Second Reference Class | Learn Malayalam #225
Açıklama
The companion to the verb reference. Everything about the Malayalam noun, in one place. No stories. Just the system.
WHAT MALAYALAM NOUNS DO NOT HAVE — THE GOOD NEWS
No grammatical gender. None. No masculine and feminine nouns to memorise.
No articles. No "the", no "a" — definiteness comes from context or a demonstrative.
No adjective agreement. An adjective before a noun does not change for anything.
THE RATIONAL–IRRATIONAL DISTINCTION
Rational nouns are human beings and gods: they take the human plural and ആര് as their question word. Irrational nouns are everything else, INCLUDING all animals: they take എന്ത്. This is not gender — it is a division by whether the thing reasons. A Dravidian speciality, and genuinely rare in the world.
THE PLURAL
-കൾ is the general plural: പുസ്തകം → പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ · മരം → മരങ്ങൾ · വീട് → വീടുകൾ
Nouns ending in -അം take -ങ്ങൾ.
-മാർ and -അർ are used for rational nouns, especially kinship and occupation: അധ്യാപകർ, ചേട്ടന്മാർ, ആളുകൾ
And a practical point: Malayalam frequently does NOT mark the plural when the number is clear. രണ്ട് പുസ്തകം, "two book", is entirely normal — the numeral already tells you. Do not over-mark.
THE CASES, ON വീട്
Nominative: വീട് — the bare form
Accusative -എ: വീടിനെ — generally used with rational and definite objects, often omitted with irrational and indefinite ones. ഞാൻ അവനെ കണ്ടു marked; ഞാൻ വീട് കണ്ടു unmarked.
Dative -ന് / -ക്ക്: വീടിന് — the most important case in Malayalam, because of the dative-experiencer. എനിക്ക് begins an enormous proportion of the sentences in this course: hunger, thirst, illness, liking, knowing, needing, receiving, fear.
Genitive -ന്റെ / -ഉടെ: വീടിന്റെ · എന്റെ വീട് my house
Sociative -ഓട്: അവനോട് പറഞ്ഞു said to him · നിന്നോട് സ്നേഹമുണ്ട്
Instrumental -ആൽ, often replaced in speech by കൊണ്ട്: കൈകൊണ്ട് by hand
Locative -ഇൽ: വീട്ടിൽ — note the stem change, which you learn per noun
Ablative: വീട്ടിൽ നിന്ന് from the house
Directional -ലേക്ക്: വീട്ടിലേക്ക് towards the house
THE ORDER IS ALWAYS NOUN, THEN CASE, THEN POSTPOSITION
വീടിന്റെ മുൻപിൽ in front of the house · വീട്ടിലേക്ക് പോകുന്നു · വീട്ടിൽ നിന്ന് വന്നു
And the whole thing precedes the verb. The important word comes last.
THE PRONOUNS, WITH THEIR CASE FORMS
ഞാൻ · എനിക്ക് · എന്റെ · എന്നെ · എന്നോട്
നീ · നിനക്ക് · നിന്റെ · നിന്നെ · നിന്നോട്
നിങ്ങൾ · നിങ്ങൾക്ക് · നിങ്ങളുടെ · നിങ്ങളെ · നിങ്ങളോട്
അവൻ · അവന് · അവന്റെ · അവനെ · അവനോട്
അവൾ · അവൾക്ക് · അവളുടെ · അവളെ · അവളോട്
അവർ (also respectful he or she) · അവർക്ക് · അവരുടെ · അവരെ · അവരോട്
ഞങ്ങൾ we EXCLUSIVE, not including you · നമ്മൾ we INCLUSIVE, including you
നമുക്ക് പോകാം means let us go, you included. ഞങ്ങൾ പോകാം means we will go and you are not coming. Getting this wrong is socially audible.
Quizzes below.
Dr. Reshmi R Nair — SpeakMalayalam.
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Malayalam Grammar Made Obvious | Cases, Verbs and Tenses
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