Can questions be shortened? For example: Are you hungry? = You’re hungry?

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Hi Denny!
Formally, no, this isn’t correct.
Informally, your question would be understood, if you used question intonation.
It’s more common to shorten questions by dropping the helping (auxiliary) verb: “You hungry?”
Hope this helps!

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Super Tamsin gave  great answer. There is a situation where "You're hungry?" would be appropriate:

It would be appropriate to express disbelief or incredulity. For example, if I just a large meal an hour ago, and now I start nibbling on more food, you might say, "You're hungry??" In this case it has the the implication that you can't believe it.

But when just asking the simple yes or no question, "Are you hungry?" it shouldn't be shortened except as Super Tamsin said, very informally, people might ask, "You hungry?" without a verb.

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Colloquially, you can say "Hungry?" for "Are you hungry?". "You're hungry" implies the speaker is surprised the listener is hungry.

Hope this helps :)

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In addition to the confirmation question situations mentioned by Sezme and the others, it actually *is* possible for "are you hungry" to be reduced in speech , but it will be "you hungry?" (not "you're hungry?"). The grammar is the same as usual, only the "are" is omitted (or reduced to inaudible) in pronunciation. This is extremely common with all the helping verbs. Note that the main verb (when present) is still governed by the auxiliary verb.

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If you want to informally ask if someone is hungry, you can simply ask, "hungry?" Or "you hungry?"

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