To answer you briefly, "fast learner" modifier(adj.)+center word(n./pron./num.) (1) with the meaning of 学习速度快的人，basicly to show the people who has such kind of feature; i.e. He's a great and fast learner and has a tremendous instinct. 他是个了不起的、非常迅速的学习者，并且有着强烈的本能。 (2) 较快的学习能力，to emphasize the ability. i.e. And I'm a fast learner. 而且，我学习得很快。

you can use “学习能力强” to describe yourself。 chinese used to say that。

您可以試試用"狀元學生" it means a champion student in times of old dynasties (especially since 隋唐時代) 狀元was regarded as the most glorious reputation for all scholars and students if you call someone is 狀元 (like 狀元student, 狀元scholar ) i think that guy would feel flatted , appreciated suggesting that student is very prominent, remarkable, outstanding

你可以說學習能力快的人 或是學很快 或是學習能力強的人 並沒有特別的專有名字來形容這個fast learner 但是你說someone 学得很快 比較像是someone learn very fast

(((這個網頁顯示 已有八個回答 但是自第六個起無法顯示))) 就 fast learner 這個問題 另有一個 道地的詞 "捷悟" "捷悟之人" 見 宋 孔平仲 著 之 <<續世說>>