Besides it original definition: Curb is slang. It means to stop or slow down. To curb the flow of the blood, place a bandage on it. Check means to observe and make sure it is working properly. It could also be slang... like Check that attitude (emotion) at the door. Meaning to let go of it, drop it, no longer behave that way. Check and curb could be interchangeable, but usually not.

In this context, check means to stop something directly and completely. "Check yourself before you wreck yourself." It's an abrupt action. Curb means to control or limit something. "Curb your enthusiasm." This is a longer, more careful action.

What's the context? It can greatly depend on context