You can start basically from the expression: "my homework is due tomorrow" - which means, you need to submit it by tomorrow. "overdue" is then just -past a point in time- as you have seen above. This date does not have to be specific, but is often based on a feeling, emotion or the speaker's personal judgement.

It means that the information should have been used as the basis for political decisions a long time before now. Also interchangeable with "past due". e.g "This information is absolutely essential and past it's due as the basis for political decisions."

It means that it is past the time that it should have been done already.

It means that someone should have produced the information a long time ago.