"Through the night", "all through the night", and "all night" are periods of time that extend from dusk to dawn. They all have the same meaning. The word "all" just adds emphasis to the duration. "The night" is NOT referring to a period of time. We would not normally use "the night" by itself. Night is upon us. Night time is upon us. It is night time. Was that the night you visited your uncle?

All through the night, All Night, Throughout the night: These phrases mean essentially the same thing. During the entirety of the night. Ex "It rained all night.", "Throughout the night the stars shone." "My uncle snored all through the night." The night: Just a time reference, it's night.