Voicing and Devoiing and Other PART I I have my humble understanding about whether the word-final voiced consonants will be devoiced or not. A. Succesive words within an intonational phrase/thought group , in polysyllabic-word/morpheme-dominant languages as Russian and English, are actually pronounced as a long or ultra-long phonological word so that there between words are no significant pauses longer than those between syllables within a single word, hence the same devoicing way of the word-final voiced consonants as those between syllables within a word. [ By the way, Chinese is monosyllabic-word/morpheme-dominant. Basically, every syllable is a word and it's normal that a dozen of words share a single syllable. The main devices to recognize a word/morpheme is the syntagmatic (and paradigmatic) relations between words, besides the wider non-textual background. The replacement of any syllable in a phrase may make a great change in sense, or make the construction senseless, or make the listener puzzled. That means every single syllable in a sentence has to be pronounced with distinct boundaries with another: there is no allowed word-boundary sound linking (nan.an≠na.nan≠nan.nan), there is no sound fusing (-t.s- ≠ -ts-), etc.

What if П for Б? Do the native Russian speakers have a very keen ear for voiced stop consonants? What if some one says брокколи - вкусный овощ as Прокколи - вкусный овощ, or как это было as как это Пыло? --------------- Language background: The native Mandarin Chinese speakers are sensitive to whether a (voiceless) stop is aspirated while not to wether a stop is voiced or voiceless. Actually most Mandarin speaking people have no idea what a voiced stop sounds like and have trouble in making them when learning foreign languages which distinguish voiced stops from voiceless ones. Quite often they will make a voiceless unaspirated stop and mistake it for a voiced one. For example in the Chinese illusive idiom 大动干戈 （dà dòng gāngē in Pinyin）/'tä˥˩tuŋ˥˩kɑŋ˥˥kɤ˥˥/ both /t/ sounds and both /k/ sounds are unaspirated voiceless stops and do not pronounce voiced. If someone does pronounce any of them aspirated, the listener will immediately perceive that and thereby be baffled, or decide that the speaker has made a pronouncing mistake. But if they are pronounced as /d/ for /t/, or /g/ for /k/, the listener will feel that fine and might not even notice the difference.

What is the etymological meaning of the river Дон （«Тихий Дон» ，‘And quiet flows the Don’)?

Пятьсот： Does it actually pronounce as пяцо́т? That means ① ть turns into т ② and then fuses with с to make a ц sound？

Adjacent Bs: How should I distinguish в выходной ... from выходной ...？ Please pronounce both to me besides explanation, if you think needed.

interlanguage＝？ I used the linguistic term “ interlanguage ” when answering to a Russian but failed to find its Russian equivalent. Would youtell me? (( interlanguage: a language system produced by sb who is learning a language, which has features of the language which they are learning and also of their first language __ Oxford … dictionary)

What was the handwriting for the obsolete Russian letters ⟨ѫ⟩, ⟨ѧ⟩, ⟨ѭ⟩ and ⟨ѩ⟩ ?

М'арья vs Мар'ия I read it somewhere that the name Mary in Russian is usually printed as Мария, read with stress on the second syllable, but in everyday conversation М'арья is more common. Is it the case?

Is the “a” in angle brackets redundant? ___Your family budget, your ability to flll up your tank-- none of it should hinge on whether a d.. declares w.. and commits g.. <a> half a world away.___