It means
- got up to date with what is happening in someone's life
- received all the latest news about someone from that same person
- met someone who you have not seen for a while and shared what's been happening
You might find the dictionary entry under
- catch up with someone
Then put it in the past tense
- caught up with someone
Then add get
- get caught up with someone
There are many phrasal verbs that use 'catch' or 'caught'. The additional words, before or after, make big differences.