there is no difference between instance and example. instance is more formal when speaking, and example is more common to use
there is no difference between cease and stop. stop is much more common, cease is very formal to use - you usually only see the word cease in an essay or a book because it is very formal.
An ingredient is something that goes in a recipe. If I am making pancakes, the ingredients are: eggs, flour, and milk.
A constituent means a part of something. However, in english in reality we only use it to mean a person who is part of the public, usually when speaking about politics. For example, "she is the senator of New York, therefore her constituents are all people living in New York". Or "I am the president of this University, therefore all the students at this University are my constituents"
The main difference is that ingredients are things (almost always food items), and constituents are people.