Kassala (<a title="Italian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language">Italian</a>: <em>Cassala</em> ) is the capital of the state of <a title="Kassala (state)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala_%28state%29">Kassala</a> in eastern <a title="Sudan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan">Sudan</a>. Its 2008 population was recorded to be 419,030.<sup id="cite_ref-GeoHive_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala#cite_note-GeoHive-1">[1]</a></sup> It is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. It was formerly a railroad hub, however, as of 2006 there was no operational railway station in Kassala and much of the track leading to and from the town has been salvaged or fallen into disrepair. Kassala's location along the main <a title="Khartoum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum">Khartoum</a>-<a title="Port Sudan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan">Port Sudan</a> highway makes it an important trade center.
The city was originally created as a military camp for the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman</a> soldiers of <a title="Egypt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a title="Viceroy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy">viceroy</a> <a title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> in 1840 during his military offensive into Sudan. In 1885, Kassala was subsequently captured by the <a title="Mahdist War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War">Mahdists</a>. In 1894, after the <a title="Battle of Kassala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kassala">Battle of Kassala</a> the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29">Italians</a> captured the city. In 1897, the Kingdom of Italy returned Kassala to the <a title="Kingdom of Egypt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>. In 1899, Kassala fell under the purview of <a title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> until Sudanese independence in 1956.
n July 1940, during the <a title="East African Campaign (World War II)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29">East African Campaign</a>, Italian forces advancing from <a title="Italian East Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa">Italian East Africa</a> forced a small British garrison to withdraw from Kassala. The Italians then occupied the city with a brigade-sized unit. In mid-January 1941, the Italians withdrew from the city and a British garrison returned.
In 1956, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan became the <a title="Sudan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan">Republic of the Sudan</a>. Since the 1960s, the city has been the destination of large numbers of <a title="Ethiopia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> and <a title="Eritrea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea">Eritrean</a> refugees fleeing conflict and war. Since the beginning of the <a title="Second Sudanese Civil War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> in the 1980s, it has also been refuge of <a title="Internally displaced person" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person">internally displaced</a> Sudanese fleeing conflicts in the <a title="Nuba Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>, and south and west of the country. About 160,000 of these IDPs settled on the outskirts of the town.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></em>]</sup>
